![Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Navy. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 15 February 1943 on "distinction insignia to the Soviet Navy" the introduction of shoulder straps and epaulettes took effect, marking the début of Imperial Russian Navy-style insignia to the Soviet Navy. [10] [11] As the navy also had coastal …. Pixel 8 pro camera](/img/512x512/1187153961081.webp)
In the United States Navy, officers have various ranks.Equivalency between services is by pay grade.United States Navy commissioned officer ranks have two distinct sets of rank insignia: On dress uniform a series of stripes similar to Commonwealth naval ranks are worn; on service khaki, working uniforms (Navy Working Uniform [NWU], and coveralls), …In the Armed Forces of Portugal, the hierarchy of ranks divides them in three large categories: Officers ( oficiais ), Sergeants ( sargentos) and Enlisted ( praças ). The officers category is, in turn, subdivided into three subcategories: General officers ( oficiais generais ), Senior officers ( oficiais superiores) and Junior officers ...Qatari Emiri Navy. ... Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet Other ranks. The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel. ... Enlisted References. External links "Qatar". uniforminsignia.org. Vizeadmiral. Vice-Admiral. Admiral. Admiral. Generaladmiral. no equivalent. Grossadmiral. Admiral of the Fleet. Comparative Ranks for the Wehrmacht Waffen SS Ranks Heer Ranks Kriegsmarine Ranks Navy Ranks Seemann Seamen Matrose Ordinary Seaman Matrosen-Gefreiter. Just like with the enlisted ranks, the above pay numbers are the absolute minimum. The longer you serve, the higher the pay will be. For example, while an O-3 with less than 2 years in the Navy will receive about $4,849 per month in base pay, an O-3 with over 8 years will receive about $7,120 per month in base pay.HOW MUCH DOES THE NAVY PAY? The below table shows the annual base pay for full- and part-time Enlisted Sailors and Officers. Most Sailors will start as an E-1 (for Enlisted) or O-1 (for Officer), rise in rank within two years and continue to receive regular rank promotions as they serve.If you have college experience or other skills, you may start at …US Navy Enlisted Ranks, Enlisted Rank Insignia: Service members in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are usually either in some kind of training status or on their initial assignment. The training includes the basic training phase where recruits are immersed in military culture and values and are taught ...The Military ranks of Guatemala are the military insignia used by the Armed Forces of Guatemala. ... Guatemalan Navy. Almirante: Vicealmirante: Capitán de navío: Capitán de fragata: Capitán de corbeta: ... The rank insignia of …The Military ranks of Hungary are the military insignia used by the Hungarian Defence Forces. The Land Forces and Air Force ranks are the same, ... The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel. NATO rank scale OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1The 1938–1945 Japanese military and naval ranks were phased out after World War II. The Self-Defence Force breaks away from the Sino-centric tradition of non-branch-specified ranks; each JSDF rank with respect to each service carries a distinct Japanese title, although equivalent titles in different branches are still similar, differing …Rank comparison chart of Non-commissioned officer and enlisted ranks for navies of Arabophone states. Other ranks ... Enlisted Somali Navy. No insignia: Chief warrant officer Musharax sarkaal: Warrant officer class 3 Sadex xarígle: Warrant officer class …There are 13 enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army: Private, Private Second Class, Private First Class, Specialist, ... 3rd Infantry Division's Army vs. Navy video submission 2022. The ranks of the United States Navy are divided into four categories: enlisted, warrant officers, commissioned officers, and admirals. The letter and number assigned to the sailor signify their rank, title, and pay grade. On their uniforms, sailors wear insignia that denotes their rank. Rank represent the level of each sailor's job obligations ... Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940) were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935. This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, published by order …In 1885, the Navy created first, second, and third class petty officer rates, and seaman first, second, and third class rates for non-petty officers. Rate and rating thus became distinct categories for the first time. Enlisted Sailors were also grouped into three branches, seaman, artificer or special, that were predecessors to the career paths ...Enlisted Other military-based organization ranks Royal Johor Military Force The RJMF ... Malaysia Coast Guard ranks are equal to the Royal Malaysian Navy's ranks, but the MCG has their service grade and basic salary scale. In addition the MCG does not use the executive curl but instead, the badge of the MCG.1.3 Non commissioned officers and Enlisted Student rank insignia. 2 Navy. Toggle Navy subsection. 2.1 Commissioned officer ranks. 2.1.1 Student officer ranks. 2.2 Other ranks. ... Enlisted Student Navy Marines Sargento Alumno 3º año Alumno 2º año Alumno 1º año Aspirante MPTM: Equivalent Translation Sergeant Student 3rd year StudentTo best understand the Navy promotion timeline, there are several factors to consider regarding how the Navy advances enlisted … Seaman Ist class. सीमैन फर्स्ट क्लास. Seaman IInd class. सीमैन सेकंड क्लास. Since 1950, the designation of Chief Petty Officer was the highest non-commissioned rank in IN's rank hierarchy until December 1968, when the designations of Master Chief Petty Officer I and Master Chief ... Chief Petty Officer: Ranks E-7 to E-9, they hold senior enlisted positions and provide leadership. Commissioned Officers: These ranks start from Ensign and go up to …Following the end of World War II in Asia, after the surrender of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy were dissolved by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the occupation of Japan.The symbols below represent the ranks of the Japan Self-Defence Forces: the Japan Ground Self-Defence …Navy officer ranks cover both commissioned officers and warrant officers, who are specialists and experts in specific military domains. When it comes to moving up …Paygrade. E-2 (DoD Paygrade) OR-2 (NATO Code) Basic Pay. $2,055/mo. Seaman Apprentice, formerly known as Seaman Second Class, is the second-lowest enlisted rank in the United States Navy, directly above Seaman Recruit. There are several titles and color-coded rank insignias assigned to sailors receiving this grade, determined by their ...The Military ranks of Guatemala are the military insignia used by the Armed Forces of Guatemala. ... Guatemalan Navy. Almirante: Vicealmirante: Capitán de navío: Capitán de fragata: Capitán de corbeta: ... The rank insignia of …The Military ranks of Serbia are the military insignia used by the current Serbian Armed Forces and historical Royal Serbian Army. Ranks of the Serbian Armed Forces [ edit ] Note: Serbian River Flotilla is a brigade-level brown water naval branch of the Serbian Armed Forces, subordinated to the Serbian Army . RSM ( Adjudant de corps / korpsadjudant) is an appointment at the Corps level for individuals with the rank of Warrant Officer or higher, this is the most senior NCO in the corps. Its insignia is that of the normal rank with a big crown at the top. Corps Corporal ( Caporal de corps / korpskorporaal) is an appointment at the Corps level for ... United States Navy ratings are general enlisted occupations …City Guides. The military of any country is a vital part to keeping the people safe from external threats. In Britain before the 17th century, military forces were - British History, Britishness, Featured.The US rank is held by single-track career specialists (ranking between enlisted ranks and 2nd lieutenant) and have no NATO equivalent. A RN warrant officer class 1 incorporated the former rank of fleet chief petty officer. There are now executive warrant officers, denoting the senior WO1s on ships and shore establishments.The Military ranks of Liberia are the military insignia used by the Armed Forces of Liberia. ... The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel. Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted Liberian Ground Forces. No insignia: Command sergeant major: Master sergeant:New Zealand military ranks are largely based on those of the United Kingdom. The three services (Army, Navy, and Air Force) have their own rank structure, with a rank equivalency that allows seamless interoperability between the services. ... Enlisted Royal New Zealand Navy. Warrant officer: Chief petty officer:The rank insignia of the French Navy (French: Marine Nationale) are worn on shoulder straps of shirts and white jackets, and on sleeves for navy jackets and mantels.Until 2005, only commissioned officers had an anchor on their insignia, but enlisted personnel are now receiving them as well. Although the names of the ranks for superior officers contain the …Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into general officers ("Jangseong"; 장성/將星), field-grade officers ("Yeonggwan"; 영관/領官), and company-grade officers ("Wigwan"; 위관/尉官). The ranks of all three branches (the Army, Navy, and Air Force) of the South Korean Armed Forces share the same titles in Hangul. Most ranks of ...U.S. Navy ranks are comprised of four groups: enlisted, warrant officers, commissioned officers and admirals. A sailor’s letter and number represent their rank, …OR-6 (NATO Code) Basic Pay. $2,849/mo. Petty Officer First Class is the third of the Navy's Petty Officer grades, and serves as a non-commissioned officer. A Petty Officer First Class serves both as a leader and as a technical expert, and all Petty Officers have a specified rating, or job. The exact title with which a petty officer is addressed ...Oberfähnrich zur See designates in the German Navy of the Bundeswehr a military person or member of the armed forces with the last or highest Officer Aspirant rank. According to the salary class it is equivalent to the Portepeeunteroffizier ranks Hauptbootsmann (Marine) and Hauptfeldwebel of Heer or Luftwaffe.The first U.S. Navy uniform marks identifying petty officer specialists were established in 1841, but uniform marks identifying the specialties themselves were not …Navy Bases Benefits Navy Hospitals Helpful Links Navy Organizations Military Forms Navy Ranks Golf Courses NAVY RANKS Navy Ranks are broken down by enlisted and officer. Enlisted Ranks E-1 Seaman Recruit E-2 Seaman Apprentice E-3 Seaman E-4 Petty Officer Third Class E-5 Petty Officer Second Class E-6 Petty Officer First Class E-7 Chief petty …Oct 1, 2023 · Here, you’ll learn about the enlisted, officer, and warrant officer ranks, enabling you to understand the progression and classifications within the Navy. Enlisted Ranks and Structure. As an enlisted member, you start your career in the Navy as a seaman recruit. The enlisted ranks structure is as follows: Seaman Recruit (E-1) Seaman ... Warrant officer ranks. All branches of the South Korean armed forces maintain a single warrant officer rank known as Junwi. This rank falls in between non-commissioned and commissioned officers. The rank is denoted by a gold-colored Sowi insignia and, in the case of the South Korean Navy, a single broken sleeve stripe. [citation needed] There is a unique rank structure within the Navy, with officers, enlisted personnel, and warrant officers having different categories and specific promotion criteria. Understanding the relationship between ranks and ratings is crucial for efficient functioning of the Navy and maintaining a strong chain of command. The US rank is held by single-track career specialists (ranking between enlisted ranks and 2nd lieutenant) and have no NATO equivalent. A RN warrant officer class 1 incorporated the former rank of fleet chief petty officer. There are now executive warrant officers, denoting the senior WO1s on ships and shore establishments.Expand navigation for Navy Medicine Navy Medicine. Navy Medicine Medal of Honor Recipients; Nurses in the U.S. Navy Bibliography and Sources; The Formative Years of the U.S. Navy Medical Corps, 1798−1871; Navy Medical Corps; Navy Nurse Corps; Expand navigation for Naval Aviation Naval Aviation. 1898–1916; 1917–1919; 1920–1929; 1930 ...The Navy’s pay scales have fluctuated with the changes in rank and rate since the 1700s but are similar to all the other branches today in that officers make more than enlisted, and the higher ...The rank structure of the US Navy is divided into four basic categories: Enlisted ranks, Warrant Officer ranks, Limited Duty Officers, and Unrestricted Line Officer ranks. Each of these ranks ...Basic Pay. $4,637/mo. Lieutenant is the third commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy, and is comparable to the rank of Captain in the other branches of the Armed Service. Lieutenants serve as Division Officers aboard Navy ships, and command groups of sailors and petty officers in various divisions including the deck department ...Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into general officers ("Jangseong"; 장성/將星), field-grade officers ("Yeonggwan"; 영관/領官), and company-grade officers ("Wigwan"; 위관/尉官). The ranks of all three branches (the Army, Navy, and Air Force) of the South Korean Armed Forces share the same titles in Hangul. Most ranks of ...Naval ranks (1921–1924) With the definite beginning of the rehabilitation of the Soviet Navy in 1923–24 came the introduction of rank appointments for ratings and officers of the Navy. These ... Rank group Low command level Enlisted men; Sleeve insignia Service category К …That's why each service's ranks are tied to paygrades in an "enlisted," "warrant officer" and "officer" number system, written as the letters "E," "W," "O" and a number. For example, the lowest ...ENLISTED NAVY RANKS. Flashcards; Learn; Test; Match; Get a hint. ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like E-1 in the United States Navy, E-2 in the United States Navy, E-3 in the United States Navy and more. Fresh features from the #1 AI-enhanced learning ...1.3 Non commissioned officers and Enlisted Student rank insignia. 2 Navy. Toggle Navy subsection. 2.1 Commissioned officer ranks. 2.1.1 Student officer ranks. 2.2 Other ranks. ... Enlisted Student Navy Marines Sargento Alumno 3º año Alumno 2º año Alumno 1º año Aspirante MPTM: Equivalent Translation Sergeant Student 3rd year Student Chief Petty Officer ( CPO) is the seventh enlisted rank (with the paygrade E-7) in the United States Navy [1] and U.S. Coast Guard, is above Petty Officer First Class and below Senior Chief Petty Officer. The term "rating" is used to identify enlisted job specialties. In this way, enlisted personnel are segregated into three segments containing ... Jul 31, 2022 · Navy Enlisted Rank (E1-E9) 1. Seaman Recruit. Classification: Junior enlisted; Starting pay: $1,833 per month (E-1 pay grade) Seaman recruits are the lowest enlisted ranks in the U.S. Navy. Navy ... This is a list of Royal Navy ratings rank insignia. [1] Insignia. Royal Navy. Royal Marines. Trade (branch) badges. Ratings in the Royal Navy include trade badges on the right … In 1970 a new rank of Fleet chief petty officer was introduced, with insignia of the royal coat of arms on the lower arm (identical to a warrant officer class 1 in the army and RAF, to which the new rank was equivalent). This rank was renamed warrant officer, and then warrant officer class 1. In 2004 the rank of warrant officer class 2 was ... Enlisted Navy rates encompass various ranks categorized into apprenticeships (E-1 to E-3), petty officers (E-4 to E-6), and chief petty officers (E-7 to E-9). Apprenticeships comprise...Military ranks of the Soviet Union. v. t. e. The Navy of the Russian Federation inherited the ranks of the Soviet Navy, although the insignia and uniform were slightly altered. The navy predominantly uses naval-style ranks but also uses army-style ranks for some specialisations, including naval aviation, marine infantry, medical and legal.Choose any Navy rank for a full basic pay chart as well as applicable allowances and additional pay. Military Discounts & Benefits for Seamen: In addition to basic pay and allowances , active-duty seamen, veterans, and even their families are eligible for hundreds of discounts and additional benefits offered by organizations and private companies like … Basic Pay. $5,789/mo. Master Chief Petty Officer is one of the highest ranks available to enlisted members of the United States Navy, and is rated at the maximum enlisted DoD paygrade of E-9. Less then 1% of the Navy's personnel make it to the rank of Master Chief, and those who do are considered to be among the best and the brightest in their ... Philippine Navy ranks. The current AFP rank insignia is a modified version of the system used in 1954 to 1955. The ranks of the Philippine Navy are as follows: ... There are four ways in which you can join the Philippine Navy: as an officer, as an enlisted personnel, as a civilian employee, ...Philippine Navy ranks. The current AFP rank insignia is a modified version of the system used in 1954 to 1955. The ranks of the Philippine Navy are as follows: ... There are four ways in which you can join the Philippine Navy: as an officer, as an enlisted personnel, as a civilian employee, ...Mar 17, 2024 · The rank insignia of the French Navy ( French : Marine Nationale) are worn on shoulder straps of shirts and white jackets, and on sleeves for navy jackets and mantels. Until 2005, only commissioned officers had an anchor on their insignia, but enlisted personnel are now receiving them as well. Although the names of the ranks for superior ... Ranks provide a system of leadership that indicates a Soldier's level of expertise, responsibility and authority. Learn how ranks affect the total Army mission.Elements of both the US army ranks and the old Philippine Army appear in the current ranks; this was reflected at the general officers insignia and enlisted ranks that resembled those of the US military (the silver stars used by generals and admirals were used by field grade officers in the First Republic), the field officers (like colonels), whose insignia are …New Zealand military ranks are largely based on those of the United Kingdom. The three services (Army, Navy, and Air Force) have their own rank structure, with a rank equivalency that allows seamless interoperability between the services. ... Enlisted Royal New Zealand Navy. Warrant officer: Chief petty officer:The highest rank in the Navy is Fleet Admiral. An Navy officer receives promotions and pay raises based on experience, leadership skills, and number of years served. This table lists the active officer ranks in the United States Navy in increasing order of senority. Choose any rank for detailed information including duties and leadership ...Navy Enlisted Rate Definition. The U.S. Navy assigns personnel an official rank and pay grade, ranging from Seaman (E-1) to Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (E-9). This is known as their enlisted rate. The Navy rate system is essential for guiding Navy personnel through their professional development, granting them titles ranging from ...Rank Abbreviation Classification 2024 Pay Range; E-1: No Insignia: Seaman …Each officer rank in the navy of a NATO country may be compared with the ranks used by any military service in other NATO countries, under a standardized NATO rank scale. This is useful, for instance, in establishing seniority amongst officers serving alongside each other within multinational command structures.All Imperial Ranks in Star Wars. Imperial Navy. The Imperial Navy consists of the space military forces aboard ships and vessels and is the largest of the branches. Notables: Grand Admiral Thrawn ...An enlisted rank (also known as an enlisted grade or enlisted rate) is, in some armed services, any rank below that of a commissioned officer.The term can be inclusive of non-commissioned officers or warrant officers, except in United States military usage where warrant officers/chief warrant officers are a separate officer category ranking above …The military ranks of Kuwait are the military insignia used by the Kuwait Military Forces. ... Kuwait Navy. فريق أول ... The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel. Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted United States Navy rank insignia. United States Navy rank insignia may refer to: U.S. Navy enlisted rate insignia. U.S. Navy officer rank insignia. Category: Disambiguation pages. Basic Pay. $5,789/mo. Master Chief Petty Officer is one of the highest ranks available to enlisted members of the United States Navy, and is rated at the maximum enlisted DoD paygrade of E-9. Less then 1% of the Navy's personnel make it to the rank of Master Chief, and those who do are considered to be among the best and the brightest in their ... This article presents the military ranks of the entire Polish Armed Forces as well as the rank insignia used today. The system of rank insignia is a direct descendant of various systems used throughout history by the Polish Army.Some of the grades trace their name back to the Middle Ages, for instance the rank of chorąży literally means a flag bearer or an Ensign.United States Army Ranks In Order. This table of the United States Army ranks from lowest to highest shows the Army's rank structure from lowest to highest including rank insignia, abbreviation, and rank classification.. The United States Army has twenty nine grades of enlisted soldiers and officers, with most soldiers enlisting at the entry-level …What are the classifications of navy ranks? Junior enlisted. Noncommissioned officers (NCOs) Senior noncommissioned officer. Senior enlisted adviser. Warrant officers. Junior officers. Senior...Gold stripes on Navy insignia indicate 12+ years of good conduct. 5. Command MCPOs have silver stars. MCPOs have silver stars and silver specialty rating marks. 6. These senior advisers are the highest ranking enlisted members of each service, who are responsible for presenting the concerns and opinions of the enlisted service …
Basic Pay. $2,393/mo. Petty Officer Third Class is the first of the Navy's Petty Officer grades, the Navy's variation of non-commissioned officers. It is above Seaman and below Petty Officer Second Class. A Petty Officer Third Class serves both as a leader and as a technical expert, and all Petty Officers have a specified rating, or job.. Where to watch aquaman
When you start out in the Navy you’ll enter as a Seaman Recruit (E-1), the lowest rung on the totem pole. New recruits make base pay of about $1,500 per month after enlisting. After you gain some experience and improve your standing you might find yourself with more seniority and a bigger paycheck. The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy ...The US rank is held by single-track career specialists (ranking between enlisted ranks and 2nd lieutenant) and have no NATO equivalent. A RN warrant officer class 1 incorporated the former rank of fleet chief petty officer. There are now executive warrant officers, denoting the senior WO1s on ships and shore establishments.The first U.S. Navy uniform marks identifying petty officer specialists were established in 1841, but uniform marks identifying the specialties themselves were not implemented until later in the nineteenth century. The adoption of steam propulsion in the mid-nineteenth century required the Navy to add technical specialists who were not …Enlisted Irish Naval Service. No insignia: Warrant officer Oifigeach barántais: Senior chief petty officer Ard-mhion-oifigeach sinsearach: ... Prior to 2002 ranks for NCOs in the Naval Reserve were in blue instead of gold. Rank group Non-commissioned officer Enlisted Irish Naval Service Reserve (Pre-2002)The Military ranks of Oman are the military insignia used by the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces. Being a former British protectorate, ... Royal Navy of Oman. ... Enlisted Royal Army of Oman ...Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Navy. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 15 February 1943 on "distinction insignia to the Soviet Navy" the introduction of shoulder straps and epaulettes took effect, marking the début of Imperial Russian Navy-style insignia to the Soviet Navy. [10] [11] As the navy also had coastal …To best understand the Navy promotion timeline, there are several factors to consider regarding how the Navy advances enlisted …Aug 5, 2020 · Gold stripes on Navy insignia indicate 12+ years of good conduct. 5. Command MCPOs have silver stars. MCPOs have silver stars and silver specialty rating marks. 6. These senior advisers are the highest ranking enlisted members of each service, who are responsible for presenting the concerns and opinions of the enlisted service members to the ... Imam Hossein University. Baqiyatallah University. University of Command and Staff. Amir Al-Momenin University. v. t. e. This is a list of rank insignia used by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in Iran .Perwira Pertama (PAMA) (Subaltern Officers), used same rank system in all branches of armed forces. Bintara Tinggi (BATI) (Warrant Officers), used same Army rank system in all branches of armed forces. Bintara (NCOs), used same rank system in all branches of armed forces. Tamtama (Higher Enlisted Rank or Corporal), used Navy and Air Force rank ...Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into general officers ("Jangseong"; 장성/將星), field-grade officers ("Yeonggwan"; 영관/領官), and company-grade officers ("Wigwan"; 위관/尉官). The ranks of all three branches (the Army, Navy, and Air Force) of the South Korean Armed Forces share the same titles in Hangul. Most ranks of ...der Reserve (of the reserve) iR. in Ruhe (retired) e.g.: MjrA (major physician), Lt aD (lieutenant off duty), ObstdG (colonel of the general staff service), HptmdhmtD (captain of the higher military technical service), ObstltdIntD (lieutenant colonel of the commissariat service), Olt dRes (first lieutenant of the reserve), Bgdr iR (general ...This article presents the military ranks of the entire Polish Armed Forces as well as the rank insignia used today. The system of rank insignia is a direct descendant of various systems used throughout history by the Polish Army.Some of the grades trace their name back to the Middle Ages, for instance the rank of chorąży literally means a flag bearer or an Ensign.Navy ranks and terminology have a long history which dates back to eras when ships sailed on the oceans of Earth rather than in space. These ranks are used by the UNSC Navy and ONI. Enlisted ranks All table information sourced from Halo: Official Spartan Field Manual pages 140-141, except where otherwise noted.In the Armed Forces of Portugal, the hierarchy of ranks divides them in three large categories: Officers ( oficiais ), Sergeants ( sargentos) and Enlisted ( praças ). The officers category is, in turn, subdivided into three subcategories: General officers ( oficiais generais ), Senior officers ( oficiais superiores) and Junior officers ... In the United States Navy, a rate is the military rank of an enlisted sailor, indicating where the sailor stands within the chain of command, and also defining one's pay grade. However, in the U.S. Navy, only officers carry the term rank, while it is proper to refer to an enlisted sailor's pay grade as rate. .